Eggs of echinoids separated by the Isthmus of Panama harbor divergent microbiota
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چکیده
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Historical biogeography of the Isthmus of Panama.
About 3 million years ago (Ma), the Isthmus of Panama joined the Americas, forming a land bridge over which inhabitants of each America invaded the other-the Great American Biotic Interchange. These invasions transformed land ecosystems in South and Middle America. Humans invading from Asia over 12000 years ago killed most mammals over 44 kg, again transforming tropical American ecosystems. As ...
متن کاملHydrology of the Isthmus of Panama.
An examination of the rectangular co6rdinates resulting from the solutions (Table II) shows that nine out of the entire twelve values of Y and all of the values from the small ,, are smaller for the northern than for the southern stars, indicating smaller average parallactic displacement for the northern than for the southern stars. Taking the stars of type B as the best marked example, if we u...
متن کاملFossil calibration of molecular clocks and the divergence times of geminate species pairs separated by the isthmus of panama.
Calibration of nucleotide sequence divergence rates provides an important method by which to test many hypotheses of evolution. In the absence of an adequate fossil record, geological events, rather than the first appearances of sister taxa in the geological record, are often used to calibrate molecular clocks. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama, which isolated the tropical western Atlantic...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Marine Ecology Progress Series
سال: 2020
ISSN: 0171-8630,1616-1599
DOI: 10.3354/meps13424